The regiment was formed by Massachusetts Governor John Andrew in January, 1863. To lead the new division, Andrew looked to anti-slavery circles of white society for an experienced military commander “of the highest tone and honor…superior to a vulgar contempt for color.” He finally chose Captain Robert Gould Shaw, who became admired and respected by his men.

The 54th volunteers were relegated to minor roles in the war until they brought the Union victory on James Island, near Charleston. Determined that his men make their mark in the war, Shaw insisted that his unit be included in the battle at Fort Wagner, a garrison on Charleston Harbor. Unfortunately, this confrontation resulted in Shaw’s death - and the loss of more than 40% of the regiment to death and injuries.

Despite its defeat at Fort Wagner, the 54th Massachusetts Infantry swelled the Union ranks when manpower was desperately needed - and increased the visibility and respectability of blacks in battle.